A Level H2 Physics syllabus
The A Level H2 Physics syllabus has been designed to build on the syllabus coverage at O-Level taken as a pure Physics or combined Science subject.
The development of the A Level H2 Physics curriculum is guided by these 3 elements:
- Practices of Science
- These are common to the natural sciences of Physics, Chemistry and Biology. These practices highlight the ways of thinking and doing that are inherent in the scientific approach, with the aim of equipping students with the understanding, skills, and attitudes shared by the scientific disciplines, including an appropriate approach to ethical issues.
- Core Ideas in Physics
- These ideas help students to integrate knowledge and link concepts across different topics and highlight the important themes that recur throughout the curriculum. The syllabus content is organised into sections according to the main branches and knowledge areas of Physics (as stated in the Syllabus Content Topics table below).
- Learning Experiences
- These refer to a range of learning opportunities selected by teachers to link the Physics content with the Core Ideas and Practices of Science to enhance student’s learning of the concepts. Real-world contexts can help illustrate the concepts in Physics and their applications. Experimental activities and ICT tools can also be used to build students’ understanding.
Subject Assessment Objectives
- To demonstrate knowledge with understanding
- To handle, apply and evaluate information (in words or by using symbolic, graphical, and numerical forms of presentation)
- To possess experimental skills and investigations
Assessment Objectives | Weighting (%) | Assessment Components |
A. Knowledge with understanding | 32 | Papers 1,2,3 |
B. Handling, applying & evaluating information | 48 | Papers 1,2,3 |
C. Experimental skills & investigations | 20 | Paper 4 |
Scheme of Assessment / Exam Format
Students are required to complete all 4 papers:
Paper | Type of Paper | Duration | Marks | Weighting |
1 | Multiple Choice | 1 h | 30 | 15% |
2 | Structured Questions | 2 h | 80 | 30% |
3 | Longer Structured Questions | 2 h | 80 | 35% |
4 | Practical | 2 h 30 min | 55 | 20% |
Paper 1
This paper will consist of 30 compulsory multiple-choice questions. All questions will be of the direct choice type with 4 options.
Paper 2
This paper will consist of a variable number of structured questions plus one or two data-based questions and will include questions which require candidates to integrate knowledge and understanding from different areas of the syllabus. All questions are compulsory, and answers will be written in spaces provided on the question paper. The data-based question(s) will constitute of 20 – 25 marks.
Paper 3
This paper will consist of 2 sections and will include questions which require candidates to integrate knowledge and understanding from different areas of the syllabus. All answers will be written in spaces provided on the question paper.
- Section A – consists of a variable number of compulsory structured questions (60 marks)
- Section B – consists of a choice of one from two questions (20 marks)
Paper 4
This is a practical assessment of the following skill areas:
- Planning (P)
- Manipulation, measurement and observation (MMO)
- Presentation of data and observations (PDO)
- Analysis, conclusions and evaluation (ACE)
The assessment of PDO and ACE may also include questions on data-analysis which do not require practical equipment and apparatus.
Candidates will not be permitted to refer to books and laboratory notebooks during the assessment.
Syllabus Content Topics [JC1 to JC2 Bridging Course 2021]
Section | Topics |
Measurement | 1. Measurement |
Newtonian Mechanics | 2. Kinematics 3. Dynamics 4. Forces 5. Work, Energy & Power 6. Motion in a Circle 7. Gravitational Field |
Thermal Physics | 8. Temperature & Ideal Gases 9. First Law of Thermodynamics |
Oscillation & Waves | 10. Oscillations 11. Wave Motion 12. Superposition |
Electricity & Magnetism | 13. Electric Fields 14. Current of Electricity 15. D.C. Circuits 16. Electromagnetism 17. Electromagnetic Induction 18. Alternating Current |
Modern Physics | 19. Quantum Physics 20. Nuclear Physics |
Mathematical Requirements
Students should be able to apply these mathematical topics in A level H2 Physics subject:
- Arithmetic
- Algebra
- Geometry and Trigonometry
- Vectors
- Graphs
Are you starting to feel partly overwhelmed by the A Level H2 Physics topics and exam format? You don’t have to as there is always help available! At Concept First, we offer A level H2 tuition classes, including Physics practical classes. More than 95% of our students have achieved A1, A2 or B3 for their Physics subject, and 100% of our surveyed students said they would recommend Concept First teachers to their friends. You can read our A Level students reviews here.
Having taught more than 1000 students from over 90 schools all over Singapore and being the pioneer in offering Physics tuition practical lessons with a fully equipped Physics lab, we understand what works! Check out our Physics tuition classes here.
To view the full information about the A Level H2 Physics syllabus by the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board, click here
“Concept First probably has the best Physics tutors in Singapore.”
— Adelle Wang, River Valley High School
CF probably has the best Physics tutors in Singapore. They are able to explain difficult concepts clearly, as they provide short cuts and teach much easier methods of comprehending theory. Tuition is usually seen as a tedious and tiring activity but I always feel like their lessons pass very quickly as it is well-paced, suited to his students needs, and interesting at the same time. My Physics grades have improved from an S during mid-years to a B during prelims under their tutorship.
“One thing I really appreciate about my tutors at CF is the fact that they cared for us all as individuals.”
— Liew Yee Kay, Anglican High School
I always had much difficulty with Physics and found it a cumbersome and boring subject. But after attending Concept First Physics tuition class, I slowly understood it and finally got an A1 at the end! One thing I really appreciate about my tutors at CF is the fact that they cared for us all as individuals. When I was unsure about other subjects like A. Math, my tutors would stay back after class with me to clear my doubts. And for that, I’m really thankful!
Goh Kian Huat
2 years ago
My daughter, Shannon enrolled with Concept First only in Mar 2024 as her Physics was weak as she barely passed her tests. After being taught by Teacher Lionel, she began to appreciate and understand each topic better. Her Prelim, it was a C5 which was a good improvement. She did well for her 'O' level papers with a good B3. What impressed me were the effort and drive Concept First put in to ensure all her students are well prepared for their finals. Thank you
Green Kiwi
2 years ago
I had heard many positive reviews about CF even before deciding to enroll my son. With just 4-5 months left before his O-Levels, and starting at a C5/B4, I was pleasantly surprised when he achieved an A1. The sessions were instrumental in addressing his main challenge: application.
The teachers at CF did an excellent job motivating the students. I often noticed him diligently reviewing their notes, which speaks volumes about their effectiveness.
The guidance provided—such as identifying key words, structuring phrases appropriately, and crafting precise, well-fitted answers—proved to be invaluable skills. Truly, the techniques taught were a gem. I would not hesitate to enrol my 2nd child if she decides to take Physics as one of her O-Levels subject too!
The teachers at CF did an excellent job motivating the students. I often noticed him diligently reviewing their notes, which speaks volumes about their effectiveness.
The guidance provided—such as identifying key words, structuring phrases appropriately, and crafting precise, well-fitted answers—proved to be invaluable skills. Truly, the techniques taught were a gem. I would not hesitate to enrol my 2nd child if she decides to take Physics as one of her O-Levels subject too!
Clara Chua
2 years ago
before joining concept first, I was barely passing, but after a year of attending lessons, I managed to improve to a B3 in o levels. Their resources were really detailed, and the practical lessons made it easier to understand and apply the concepts. The lessons definitely gave me more confidence going into the exams!
Lee Chongee
2 years ago
Past phy score: C5
Olevels: A2
Mr Yung is a very enthusiastic teacher that will go out of his way to help students with questions. Highly recommended tuition for phy and math. There are also snacks availableee!!
Olevels: A2
Mr Yung is a very enthusiastic teacher that will go out of his way to help students with questions. Highly recommended tuition for phy and math. There are also snacks availableee!!
Meizhu Lin
2 years ago
As a parent of two teens, I have experiences with many tuition centres, but Concept First truly stands out. It’s a centre that genuinely cares about helping every child excel. Apart from giving excellent resources such as concise notes, marked test papers and even a Physics lab to help in practical, what really made a difference is the passion of the teachers and admin team. Their dedication and support have motivated my kids to put in her best effort, and I’m so proud that my daughter achieved A1 and A2 for A.Math and Physics! Highly recommended!
Ryan_Catherine Chen
2 years ago
A big thanks to Mr Kong and his team of tutors for helping my child bridge the huge gap in her O level physics from a failing grade to a B3. Appreciate all the encouragement, support and the continual belief in my child during her sessions with Concept First! 👍🏻
Monica Lau
2 years ago
My son joined the Concept First when he could not manage Physics anymore. The teacher were patient and even stayed back an hour with him after every lesson to go through his problems. He went from failing to B3! Great thanks to the teachers!
Bryan Yew
2 years ago
The tutors there are nice and friendly, within a span of a few months, my grades improved from F9 to B4 at O Level! I would like to thank Teacher Lionel for his patient guidance in Physics and for making this grade jump possible!
Chua De Xun
2 years ago
Concept first has helped me to achieve a distinction for my physics o level! Despite only joining concept first in late july, the friendly and helpful teachers has helped me conceptualise the physics concepts easily! With radioactivity also being a new and upcoming subject in physics, concept first and its teachers has definitely helped in aiding me to understand!
Nguyen Khoi
2 years ago
Ng Jing Yun
2 years ago
CF is an amazing tuition centre and I really recommend students that are struggling with physics and maths to join. I was a student in CF from 2023-2024. For context, I joined CF before the start of sec 3 because my elder sister who had also joined CF had drastic improvements in her physics results and my parents thought it would be good for me to join CF as well.
One thing I really like about CF is the teachers’ commitment to really caring for their students and working hard to help them improve. I had Mr Yung and Mr Kong as teachers and I really really really appreciated how they were able to teach the syllabus in a clear and concise manner while still making lessons engaging. Not only do they always try their best to answer the questions that students pose, but they also make CF a comfortable space where students are encouraged to ask more questions to clarify any doubts, no matter how trivial. The teachers are also extremely encouraging and place equal emphasis on their students’ well being as well as their grades.
Additionally, I really love the summary sheets that are provided by the centre. It was really useful in my revision since I was able to annotate and add things such as common mistakes that I made and answering techniques to the margins, which made my revision much more organised and convenient. All in all, I’m really grateful for CF’s support in my o level journey and hope that many other parents and students can give this tuition centre a try🤩
One thing I really like about CF is the teachers’ commitment to really caring for their students and working hard to help them improve. I had Mr Yung and Mr Kong as teachers and I really really really appreciated how they were able to teach the syllabus in a clear and concise manner while still making lessons engaging. Not only do they always try their best to answer the questions that students pose, but they also make CF a comfortable space where students are encouraged to ask more questions to clarify any doubts, no matter how trivial. The teachers are also extremely encouraging and place equal emphasis on their students’ well being as well as their grades.
Additionally, I really love the summary sheets that are provided by the centre. It was really useful in my revision since I was able to annotate and add things such as common mistakes that I made and answering techniques to the margins, which made my revision much more organised and convenient. All in all, I’m really grateful for CF’s support in my o level journey and hope that many other parents and students can give this tuition centre a try🤩
leia leong
2 years ago
Initially i was a d7 student but with the help of my tutor, i improved by leaps and bounds and i got a b3 for my physics Os🥹🥹 my tutor is vv empathetic and genuine bcuz he relates to us students and shared some of his funny life experiences with us 🙂 he is oso vv dedicated and patient in explaining complicated physics terms! my tutor oso often shares some jokes in class to lighten the mood as he understands that the days to Os were approaching. furthermore, concept first provides me with lots of phy resources such as a concised ‘cheat sheet’, which enhanced my learning experience as it is simpler for me to understand and memorise concepts.
Aaron
2 years ago
The lessons are extremely fun and enjoyable. The centre provides numerous learning materials and resources to be adequately prepared for each topic.I was able to get a distinction for both ‘O’ levels and prelims
Elisha
2 years ago
Before I joined CF, my physics concept was good but I was unable to score marks in any exams because i wasnt able to translate my thoughts into words to score marks. But through Mr yungs classes, i was able to learn how to translate my thoughts into answers with key words!
Jessie
2 years ago
My child had joined the centre for physics in sec 3 and had scored ace in the subject consistently, with an A1 at O level exam. Feedback on lessons were all positive. Also, admin is very prompt in response. Thankful to have found this centre.
Suresh
2 years ago
Concept first has helped me achieve my goals in physics and i am really grateful for having my teacher, Mr Yung, who has been very nice and has taught me so well. This tuition really helped me push my grades to a distinction and im really appreciative of this tuition.
Troy Au
2 years ago
Join Concept First in sec 3 with a B grade and managed to attain a distinction in my O levels! I’ve developed a strong interest in physics thanks to Mr Yung engaging teaching style. Thanks to his constant guidance I was able to achieve my desired score.
Vernice
2 years ago
Joined Mr Yung class from the end of Sec 3 , previously failed my physics paper terribly. With Concept first, i am able to understand the topics taught and eventually get an A2 for Os
Yap Yong En
2 years ago
Managed to improve 3-4 grades despite joining CF for less than 6 months. The teachers are also approachable and the notes really helped me in understanding my concepts.
Lim Siaw Ling
2 years ago
Before attending the lessons at concept first, I scored B3 for my end of year exam in secondary 3. But after attending concept first, my grades improved to an A1 in o level.
I find the resources concept first very useful as it explained the details of each concept clearly helping me to understand each topic.
And my teacher Mr Kong is very supportive as he attends to each and every student in need .
I find the resources concept first very useful as it explained the details of each concept clearly helping me to understand each topic.
And my teacher Mr Kong is very supportive as he attends to each and every student in need .
Daniel Lim
2 years ago
I first joined Concept First at the beginning of 2024, when my Physics grades were still around C6 and D7. However, after numerous engaging lessons and practical sessions, I was able to achieve an A2 distinction in O Level Physics. I am truly grateful for the additional complimentary online lessons provided by Concept First, as they enabled me to address my weaker areas with greater confidence and proficiency. Thank you Mr Kong and the other teachers who helped me along the way!
Blay Lay
2 years ago
Before joining concept first, I found it quite hard to understand certain physics concepts. After joining concept first, the tuition classes and extra consultations the teachers provided helped me to get a better understanding of physics concepts and improve my grade from a borderline pass to a distinction.
chen fong keng
2 years ago
We are incredibly grateful to the team at CF for their unwavering support and dedication in helping our child achieve remarkable progress in Physics. From an F9 to an A1, Sandra’s transformation has been nothing short of amazing!
The teachers here are not only highly knowledgeable but also genuinely passionate about their students’ success. They tailor their teaching methods to individual needs and create a nurturing environment that inspires confidence and a love for learning. The admin team is also very efficient and approachable, ensuring a smooth experience for both parents and students.
Thank you, CF, for believing in Sandra and guiding her toward such a fantastic achievement. I highly recommend this center to any parent looking for a place that truly cares about their child’s growth and academic success.
The teachers here are not only highly knowledgeable but also genuinely passionate about their students’ success. They tailor their teaching methods to individual needs and create a nurturing environment that inspires confidence and a love for learning. The admin team is also very efficient and approachable, ensuring a smooth experience for both parents and students.
Thank you, CF, for believing in Sandra and guiding her toward such a fantastic achievement. I highly recommend this center to any parent looking for a place that truly cares about their child’s growth and academic success.
Lyy
2 years ago
I joined Mr Kong's class in december 2023. I had been scoring poorly for physics(Cs, Ds etc). I had even considered dropping the subject. I struggled to understand what was being taught. Mr Kong explains concepts very well, and I noticed improvements in my physics grades. I scored A1 for O-Levels Mr Kong always made time for consultations despite his busy schedule. The resources provided by Concept First are of excellent quality. Would recommend to anyone struggling with physics 🙂
Jadon Ho
2 years ago
been with Concept First for one and a half years, and it has honestly been an amazing learning experience. The teachers are super hardworking and always go out of their way to offer extra lessons or help when it is needed
My teacher is mr calvin kong, and he has been an incredible teacher. He manages to teach tough concepts that makes them click, and his lessons are always engaging. consultations are encouraged, all of them have been really helpful.
I just finished my o levels, and i can say this centre and Mr Kong really helped me obtain my favourable result. I improved from a C5 from when I first started to an A2. The teachers truly care and are dedicated to helping me do well, I can't recommend CF enough :))
My teacher is mr calvin kong, and he has been an incredible teacher. He manages to teach tough concepts that makes them click, and his lessons are always engaging. consultations are encouraged, all of them have been really helpful.
I just finished my o levels, and i can say this centre and Mr Kong really helped me obtain my favourable result. I improved from a C5 from when I first started to an A2. The teachers truly care and are dedicated to helping me do well, I can't recommend CF enough :))
giri nevaas
2 years ago
Extremely high quality materials and notes
Wyn Olga
2 years ago
As a student who struggled with physics, CF was the right choice for me. Their classes range from online workshops, holiday courses to even lab classes, ensuring students can ace both practical and theory. Teachers are always willing to give consultations and are super friendly! Moreover, the centre frequently asks for feedback and afterwards, our input was applied. With comprehensive notes and a supportive class environment, i was able to improve from D7 to A1 in O levels. Definitely recommend!!
Eden Ong
2 years ago
Concepts first is an amazing tuition centre with very friendly and knowledgeable teachers
Risen Chiu
2 years ago
teacher jeremy is an amazing teacher who is good at physics AND gives snacks!!
Mohd Saad Sayeed
2 years ago
one of the most live changing class. At first i was a student in sec 3 consistently getting very bad results in physics it was always either a f9 or E8, than after joining the class i did improve a bit like 2 or 3 grades and than in sec 4 i met my sec 4 cf phy teacher, Mr Jeremy, who taught us in a fun and amazing way to study physics and was a person who is always approach able, with his help and the end year revision class i was able to get a b3 in my o levels in phy. This class is not like any other and i would recommend to any sec 3/4 looking for a fun and amazing class join concept first. side note( the notes are super good and easy to use when revising for exams
ETHAN TAN
2 years ago
I love concept first concept first improve my physics from C6 to A2
Buddhi Dumindu
2 years ago
Mr Ram and Mr Kong have been amazing tutors for our children- Son and Daughter.
They have helped them to understand physics concepts and prepare well for AL and OL exams .
They have helped them to understand physics concepts and prepare well for AL and OL exams .
Prithiyanka Gandhi
2 years ago
Concept first is a OUTSTANDING tuition centre. I have gone for both A Maths and Physics in secondary school and my experience has always been more than satisfactory!! i went from a regular C student in physics to an A1 in O levels, and instead of my usual just passes in Amath tests, i got my very first A1 for that subj. the teachers are fantastic; they are very engaging yet informative at the same time. they can deliever the concepts across easily and do not hesitate to bring in higher level knowlege to aid in the understanding of concepts. the notes they give are excellet too, the two page summary being a game changer for revisions. The teachers are always ready to answer questions through online and offline communications, and are willing to even conduct 1to1 consultations to help cater to my needs. I am grateful for CF, especially to Mr. Kong (5* phys teacher) and Ms.Sophia (10/10 Amath teacher) for helpinf me make big jumps in my grades for both my subjects! highly reccomend!!
Ayyaatharan Srinivasan
2 years ago
In the beginning of sec 3, i didnt do well for physics. I joined concept first and i really loved the way that they explain physics concepts in a detailed yet simple manner. The teachers are very dedicated and approachable. They helped me develop the key understanding necessary for the physics chapters. My grades in physics improved as well! I would highly recommend concept first!
AllXaZ Roblox
2 years ago
I joined in Sec 3 because I got F9 for WA2. However under Mr Kong’s guidance I improved massively to get B3 for O levels. Would recommend
-Mathias Quek
-Mathias Quek
Chloe Chen
2 years ago
Before i joined CF, i was constantly failing physics with D7-F9 grades despite much help from my school teachers but after i joined, my results improved a lot in just over a year and i achieved a B3 for o levels!!!
Sung Kyong Kim
2 years ago
My son has been getting A* since he started studying here. Special thanks to Mr Lionel and Ms Daisy this year. The other teachers are also verified and competent, and the admin teacher is very kind. The overall management of the centre is very clean and clear. Highly recommended. 👍
Christel Goh
2 years ago
I’m very impressed with Concept First! The teachers here are not only dedicated but also genuinely caring, always ensuring that my child feels supported in their learning journey. The Physics lab has been particularly helpful in allowing my child to grasp concepts faster through hands-on experiments, which has made a real difference in their understanding of the subject. The centre is also very receptive to parents’ suggestions and feedback, which shows how much they value continuous improvement and the success of every student. My child is happy and proud to be part of the CF learning community, and I’m grateful for the positive environment they've created. Highly recommended!
reaper
2 years ago
The CF teaching team is very friendly.
gone for their H2 physics practical classes w/ teacher Ms Chai
Shes very friendly, helpful and is able to understand my weakness to guide n assist me in doing the practical quick n efficiently.
Prices are average, not too cheap or expensive (about 150(CF member) - 170(X CF member))
Highly recommend !!!
gone for their H2 physics practical classes w/ teacher Ms Chai
Shes very friendly, helpful and is able to understand my weakness to guide n assist me in doing the practical quick n efficiently.
Prices are average, not too cheap or expensive (about 150(CF member) - 170(X CF member))
Highly recommend !!!
Val Hing
2 years ago
very good tuiton centre i love chemistry now i recommend
Elena Chew
2 years ago
send my daughter to this centre for their crash course last year.
she likes it alot as they are able to pinpoint the parts that she are unclear for each chapter. its like spot on and quite amazing actually. of course she continued with the regular weekly classes which helped her slowly but steadily gain the confidence. Fast forward, she moved improved from E8 to A1 for O Levels.
she likes it alot as they are able to pinpoint the parts that she are unclear for each chapter. its like spot on and quite amazing actually. of course she continued with the regular weekly classes which helped her slowly but steadily gain the confidence. Fast forward, she moved improved from E8 to A1 for O Levels.
Isabel Long
3 years ago
Mr Ram was always open for consultations, and provided useful tips on mastering Physics concepts. The teaching team at CF provided comprehensive notes and mindmaps, which were especially helpful for revision. Nearing Prelims and A Levels, CF also assigned monthly assignments to give us more practice, which Mr Ram returned back to us promptly. His lessons are engaging and easy to follow. I also found the lab sessions held by CF particularly useful, as they gave me more practice on mastering lab techniques, and managing my time better. I also appreciated how CF gave us the option of attending lessons online instead of travelling down to the centre for physical lessons, which was especially helpful in saving travel time nearing to A Levels. Overall, I had a great experience at CF, and highly recommend CF to those looking to strengthen their Physics concepts and improve their grades!
Mahak Chandna
3 years ago
I definitely had a great tuition experience at this centre! The resources provided by CF are comprehensive and there are so many materials for you to continue self-driven learning (e.g. take-home assignments, topic-based exercise questions), besides the content taught in tuition lessons. The newly revamped CF portal is also very easy to navigate when reviewing video lesson recordings or to arrange for make-up lessons, which made the experience all the more seamless. Mr Ram's lessons were also engaging yet enriching and I managed to clear a lot of misconceptions I had prior to joining his lessons. This allowed me to improve tremendously from Y6 Mid-Year Exams to Prelims and finally for A-Levels too. I would definitely recommend this centre for those who want to improve their Physics concepts 🙂
De Min Ng
3 years ago
Teaching team does a great job clarifying materials and content that is easily missed. Out or skimmed over in school, also has extensive practices and guidebooks provided for students which are highly relevant and helped me to do better 🙂
w
3 years ago
thankful to hv found this tuition centre, i truly appreciate the materials provided as they really aided my learning, allowing my grades to improve !!
Shinee Lim
3 years ago
My daughter was hovering between D7-F9 for her Physics from Sec 2. She was very demoralised despite putting in most effort in the subject.
We were very pleased to see her improvements over the 1.5 years with Concept First - improving slowly but steadily, and finally, unbelievably, an A2 in her Os.
Thanks to Conept First for the dedication of the Teachers and the notes that were painstakingly prepared - making it so easy for the kids to understand, revise and apply in their exams.
We were very pleased to see her improvements over the 1.5 years with Concept First - improving slowly but steadily, and finally, unbelievably, an A2 in her Os.
Thanks to Conept First for the dedication of the Teachers and the notes that were painstakingly prepared - making it so easy for the kids to understand, revise and apply in their exams.
govindasamy malathi
3 years ago
Concepts physics is an excellent tuition centre which has helped my daughter make immense improvement! Mr Kong’s clear teaching and explanation skills have helped her understand concepts easily.
Emily Lim
3 years ago
The teachers at Concept First are dedicated and approachable. They are willing to help outside of lessons. My child was able to grasp physics concepts well under their guidance.
sanjula
3 years ago
The concepts taught are very clear and i was able to improve quickly, i enjoyed the lessons and the way they were explained thoroughly. The teachers were very friendly and helpful and always willing to help me!
Mandy Seah 😀
3 years ago
After going to Concept First, I can understand physics concepts better. The lessons were engaging and there were also lab lessons where I could practise my practical skills 👍